Optimal timing for the first cystoscopic follow-up using time-to-treatment initiation analysis of oncologic outcomes in primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Various guidelines recommend the first follow-up cystoscopy at 3 months; however, no data exist on the optimal timing for initial follow-up cystoscopy. We tried to provide evidence on the timing of the first cystoscopy after the initial transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) using big data. This was a retrospective National Health Insurance Service database analysis. The following outcomes were considered: recurrence, progression, cancer-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality. Exposure was the time-to-treatment initiation (TTI), a continuous variable representing the time to the first cystoscopy from the first TUR-BT within 1 year. Additionally, we categorized TTI (TTIc) into five levels: < 2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, and 8-12 months. A landmark time of 1 year after the initial TUR-BT was described to address immortal-time bias. We identified the optimal time for the first cystoscopy using Cox regression models with and without restricted cubic splines (RCS) for TTI and TTIc, respectively. Among 26,660 patients, 16,880 (63.3%) underwent cystoscopy within 2-4 months. A U-shaped trend of the lowest risks at TTI was observed in the 2-4 months group for progression, cancer-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality. TTI within 0-2 months had a higher risk of progression (aHR 1.36; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.15-1.60; p < 0.001) and cancer-specific mortality (aHR 1.29; 95% CI 1.05-1.58; p = 0.010). Similarly, TTI within 8-12 months had a higher risk of progression (aHR 2.09; 95% CI 1.67-2.63; p < 0.001) and cancer-specific mortality (aHR 1.96; 95% CI 1.48-2.60; p < 0.001). Based on the RCS models, the risks of progression, cancer-specific mortality, and all-cause mortality were lowest at TTI of 4 months. The timing of the first cystoscopy follow-up was associated with oncologic prognosis. In our model, undergoing cystoscopy at 4 months has shown the best outcomes in clinical course. Therefore, patients who do not receive cystoscopy at approximately 4 months for any reason need more careful follow-up to predict a poor clinical course.

Association Between Body Mass Index, Obesity, and Clinical Outcomes Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Brazil: An Analysis of One Year of Follow-up of BYPASS Registry Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI), obesity, clinical outcomes, and mortality following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in Brazil using a large sample with one year of follow-up from the Brazilian Registry of Cardiovascular Surgeries in Adults (or BYPASS) Registry database. METHODS: A multicenter cohort-study enrolled 2,589 patients submitted to isolated CABG and divided them into normal weight (BMI 20.0-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and obesity (BMI > 30.0 kg/m2) groups. Inpatient postoperative outcomes included the most frequently described complications and events. Collected post-discharge outcomes included rehospitalization and mortality rates within 30 days, six months, and one year of follow-up. RESULTS: Sternal wound infections (SWI) rate was higher in obese compared to normal-weight patients (relative risk [RR]=5.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.37-17.82; P=0.001). Rehospitalization rates in six months after discharge were higher in obesity and overweight groups than in normal weight group (χ=6.03, P=0.049); obese patients presented a 2.2-fold increase in the risk for rehospitalization within six months compared to normal-weight patients (RR=2.16, 95% CI=1.17-4.09; P=0.045). Postoperative complications and mortality rates did not differ among groups during time periods. CONCLUSION: Obesity increased the risk for SWI, leading to higher rehospitalization rates and need for surgical interventions within six months following CABG. Age, female sex, and diabetes were associated with a higher risk of mortality. The obesity paradox remains controversial since BMI may not be sufficient to assess postoperative risk in light of more complex and dynamic evaluations of body composition and physical fitness.

Lower Risk of Revision With 32- and 36-Millimeter Femoral Heads Compared With 28-mm Heads in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Comparative Single-Center Study (10,104 Hips).

BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of different head sizes (28-, 32-, and 36- millimeter) in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) at mean 6 years follow-up (range, 1 to 17.5 years). METHODS: This was a retrospective consecutive study of primary THA at our institution (2003 to 2019). Demographic and surgical data were collected. The primary outcome measures were all-cause revision, revision for dislocation, and all-cause revision excluding dislocation. Continuous descriptive statistics used means, median values, ranges, and 95% confidence intervals, where appropriate. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate time to revision. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to compare revision rates between the femoral head size groups. Adjustments were made for age at surgery, sex, primary diagnosis, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, articulation type, and fixation methods. There were 10,104 primary THAs included; median age was 69 years (range, 13 to 101) with 61.5% women. A posterior approach was performed in 71.6%. There were 3,295 hips with 28-mm heads (32.6%), 4,858 (48.1%) with 32-mm heads, and 1,951 (19.3%) with 36-mm heads. RESULTS: Overall rate of revision was 1.7% with the lowest rate recorded for the 36-mm group (2.7 versus 1.3 versus 1.1%). Cox regression analyses showed a decreased risk of all-cause revision for 32 and 36-mm head sizes as compared to 28-mm; this was statistically significant for the 32-mm group (P = .01). Risk of revision for dislocation was significantly reduced in both 32-mm (P = .03) and 36-mm (P = .03) head sizes. Analysis of all cause revision excluding dislocation showed no significant differences between head sizes. CONCLUSIONS: We found a significantly reduced risk of revision for all causes, but particularly revision for dislocation with larger head sizes. Concerns regarding increased risk of early revision for aseptic loosening, polyethylene wear, or taper corrosion with larger heads appear to be unfounded in this cohort of 10,104 patients with up to 17 years follow-up.

[A Case of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma Arising during Long-Term Follow-Up of Hepatolithiasis].

A 91-year-old man had a history of cholecystectomy and choledochostomy for cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis. Eleven years earlier, intrahepatic stones were found in the posterior bile duct, and he did not wish to undergo treatment. Over time, worsening of the intrahepatic stones and dilation of the intrahepatic bile duct were observed. At 91 years old, enhanced abdominal CT revealed wall thickening of the hilar bile duct, and MRCP showed stenosis of the hilar bile duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed no contrast in the right intrahepatic bile duct and marked dilation of the left intrahepatic bile duct. Brush cytology confirmed adenocarcinoma, leading to a diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. He underwent open right and caudal lobectomy with biliary reconstruction. Histopathological examination revealed a hilar cholangiocarcinoma, T3N1M0, Stage Ⅲc, mainly located at the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. This case suggests a potential association between hepatolithiasis and hilar cholangiocarcinoma, emphasizing the importance of regular imaging examinations for timely surgical resection. Early intervention, including liver resection, is recommended for the management of hepatolithiasis.

Selective laser trabeculoplasty in the treatment of juvenile open angle glaucoma patients under 25 years of age.

AIM: To retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) treatment in juvenile open angle glaucoma (JOAG) cases. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The 46 eyes of 28 cases that had undergone SLT for JOAG and had a follow-up of at least one month were included in the study. The pre-SLT, month 1, month 6, year 1, year 2, and final follow-up intraocular pressure (IOP); the number of drugs before and after the SLT procedure; and the complications caused by the SLT were recorded. An IOP below 21 mmHg without any additional medication or glaucoma surgery and an IOP decrease of 20% or more compared to the baseline were considered successful. RESULTS: There were 18 females and 10 males with a mean age of 17.52 ± 2.7 (13-22) years. The cases were followed-up for a mean duration of 39 (5-59) months. The mean IOP was 23.93 ± 0.52 mmHg before SLT and decreased to 17.15 ± 0.57 mmHg at month 1 after the procedure, 17.17 ± 0.52 mmHg at month 6, 18.02 ± 0.77 mmHg at year 1, 18.12 ± 0.48 mmHg at year 2, and 20.93 ± 0.69 mmHg at the final follow-up. The post-SLT IOP measurements at all times were found to be significantly lower than the pre-SLT values (p < 0.001). The mean number of drugs was 1.5 before the SLT and 0.59 afterwards (p < 0.001). The most common complications after SLT were anterior chamber inflammation in 29 cases (63.04%), hyperemia in 20 (43.40%) cases (4.34%), an early period IOP increase of 5 mmHg or more in 11 cases (23.91%), and mild ocular pain in 2 cases (4.34%). CONCLUSION: SLT is an effective and reliable method for JOAG treatment.

A retrospective study of cumulative absolute reduction in axial length after photobiomodulation therapy.

BACKGROUND: To assess the age and timeline distribution of ocular axial length shortening among myopic children treated with photobiomodulation therapy in the real world situations. METHODS: Retrospective study of photobiomodulation therapy in Chinese children aged 4 to 13 years old where axial length measurements were recorded and assessed to determine effectiveness at two age groups (4 ∼ 8 years old group and 9 ∼ 13 years old group). Data was collected from myopic children who received photobiomodulation therapy for 6 ∼ 12 months. Effectiveness of myopia control was defined as any follow-up axial length ≤ baseline axial length, confirming a reduction in axial length. Independent t-test was used to compare the effectiveness of the younger group and the older group with SPSS 22.0. RESULTS: 342 myopic children were included with mean age 8.64 ± 2.20 years and baseline mean axial length of 24.41 ± 1.17 mm. There were 85.40%, 46.30%, 71.20% and 58.30% children with axial length shortening recorded at follow-up for 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months, respectively. With respect to the axial length shortened eyes, the mean axial length difference (standard deviation) was - 0.039 (0.11) mm, -0.032 (0.11) mm, -0.037 (0.12) mm, -0.028 (0.57) mm at 1, 3, 6, and 12-month follow-up, respectively. Greater AL shortening was observed among the older group who had longer baseline axial lengths than the younger group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Overall myopia control effectiveness using photobiomodulation therapy was shown to be age and time related, with the maximum absolute reduction in axial elongation being cumulative.

Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography findings in a case of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma over a three-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) still represents a diagnostic challenge for retinal specialists. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for a better prognosis. Several diagnostic tools have proven helpful in the identification of VRL abnormalities. However, swept-source OCT angiography (SS-OCT-A) findings and their long-term follow-up are yet to be explored. CASE PRESENTATION: a 42-year-old man presented with blurred vision in his left eye for 2 weeks. He denied any systemic symptoms. A multimodal imaging examination was performed, raising the clinical suspicion of VRL and guiding the ensuing diagnostic procedures. The patient underwent treatment and at the last FU visit three years later, no disease signs were present on fundus examination, nor on oncologic evaluation. Some novel SS-OCT-A features were identified, and uncommonly reported findings were examined over a long-term follow-up. At baseline multiple hyperreflective alterations were detected on the enface outer retina slabs and choriocapillary analysis revealed low reflectance areas in the foveal and parafoveal areas. One month after the first presentation, multiple hyperreflective retinal lesions in a vertical shape were detected on OCT which appeared on midretinal slabs of enface SS-OCT-A as hyperreflective spots mainly located near second-order retinal vessels. These alterations remarkably reduced after treatment. CONCLUSION: SS-OCT-A may be a useful imaging technique in the detection of VRL, providing ophthalmologists additional findings that assist the diagnosis and follow-up of this disease. This may prove useful for a more timely and precise diagnosis, prompt therapy, and treatment response monitoring. The original aspects found in this case may provide grounds for future studies, ultimately fostering a better understanding of the disease.

Mid- and long-term clinical results of the Elektra and Moovis prosthesis for trapeziometacarpal joint replacement.

BACKGROUND: Total joint arthroplasty as a surgical treatment option for trapeziometacarpal joint arthritis is recently revived. The aim of this study is to report on mid- and long-term results of the Elektra (single-mobility) and Moovis (dual-mobility) prosthesis for treatment of primary thumb carpometacarpal joint arthritis. METHODS: In this retrospective, monocentric, descriptive cohort study, 31 prostheses were evaluated that were implanted by a single surgeon in 26 patients between 2009 and 2019. Indication for surgery was trapeziometacarpal joint osteoarthritis (Eaton/Littler Stage II and III). Clinical and radiological follow-up was performed at a minimum of 24 months. The postoperative assessment included range of motion, pain, strength as well as functional scores (DASH, MHQ). Implant survival and complications were the primary endpoints. RESULTS: 10 Elektra and 21 Moovis prostheses were implanted between 2009 and 2019 with a mean follow-up of 74.2 months in the Elektra and 41.4 months in the Moovis group. The average patients' age at surgery was 64 years. Postoperative pain levels (VAS 0-10) were below 2 at rest and under stress in both groups. Grip/pinch strength and range of motion showed results comparable to the contralateral hand. Opposition was excellent with an average Kapandji index of 9.6 in both groups. Elektra achieved slightly better functional scores in the DASH and MHQ score. Satisfaction was high in both groups, and 96% of the patients would recommend the procedure. Metacarpophalangeal hyperextension > 15° was seen in 3 patients per group preoperatively and was corrected to < 5° post-surgery. 3 Elektra prostheses were revised due to cup loosening and dislocation for cup and/or neck replacement or secondary trapeziectomy. 1 Moovis prosthesis was revised with an exchange of the neck to a larger size due to restricted movement. After the mean follow-up of 7.9 years in Elektra and 3.5 years in MOOVIS, cumulative survival was 68.6% vs. 95.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this mid- to long-term retrospective analysis, total joint arthroplasty in primary trapeziometacarpal joint arthritis results in low pain levels, excellent mobility and clinical function. Patient satisfaction is overall high. While revision due to cup loosening occurred more often in patients with single-mobility implants, no cases of dislocation or loosening of components were observed in the dual-mobility group. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University, reference number S-150/2020.

Outcomes of surgical treatment of patellar instability in children with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND: patellar instability is a relatively frequent musculoskeletal disorder in children with Down syndrome (DS). However, such a condition has seldom been studied in the literature, even less its surgical treatment. Different techniques have been offered for this condition; the evidence for surgical options is scarce and primarily based on case reports or case series with few patients and heterogeneous techniques. Given this background, we aimed to evaluate the outcomes of a uniform kind of surgical procedure for such a condition that combined lateral soft tissue release, medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction (using a partial-thickness quadriceps tendon autograft), the Roux-Goldthwait procedure, and V-Y quadricepsplasty (if needed). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study involved 11 skeletally immature patients (12 knees; 9 males and 2 females), 5.5 to 14.1 years of age, with DS who had patellofemoral instability (PFI) and were managed by this technique between October 2018 and March 2020. Preoperative radiography, CT scan, and MRI were performed to evaluate the physis status, lower limb alignment, patellar height, trochlear morphology, and any associated knee pathology. A functional knee assessment was done by using the Kujala score and the modified Lysholm score. RESULTS: The mean time of follow-up (± SD) was 47.7 ± 5.8 months (range: 39-56). Pre-operatively, the Kujala score (± SD) was 52.6 ± 14.3 (range: (31-74), and at final follow-up, it was 92.2 ± 4.4 (range: (88-98), showing a significant improvement (P < 0.001). The preoperative modified Lysholm score (± SD) was 54.3 ± 8.1 (range: 39-62), and at final follow-up it was 92.4 ± 5.3 (range: 82-96), showing a significant improvement (P < 0.001). All patients had a stable patella without a recurrence of instability and regained full ROM. There was no incidence of a patellar fracture or femoral physis injury. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed technique of combined soft tissue procedures, including lateral soft tissue release, MPFL reconstruction (using a partial-thickness quadriceps tendon autograft), the Roux-Goldthwait procedure, and V-Y quadricepsplasty, was an effective method for treating patellar instability in children with DS while avoiding physeal injury and patellar fracture. Functional scores and radiological outcomes were improved. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV; retrospective case series.

Characteristics, management and outcomes of primary hyperparathyroidism from 2009 to 2021: a single centre report from South Africa.

BACKGROUND: There has been a notable shift towards the diagnosis of less severe and asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in developed countries. However, there is a paucity of recent data from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and also, no reported data from SSA on the utility of intra-operative parathyroid hormone (IO-PTH) monitoring. In an earlier study from Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital (IALCH), Durban, South Africa (2003-2009), majority of patients (92.9%) had symptomatic disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical profile and management outcomes of patients presenting with PHPT at IALCH. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients with PHPT attending the Endocrinology clinic at IALCH between July 2009 and December 2021. Clinical presentation, laboratory results, radiologic findings, surgical notes and histology were recorded. RESULTS: Analysis included 110 patients (87% female) with PHPT. Median age at presentation was 57 (44; 67.5) years. Symptomatic disease was present in 62.7% (n:69); 20.9% (n:23) had a history of nephrolithiasis and 7.3% (n:8) presented with previous fragility fractures. Mean serum calcium was 2.87 ± 0.34 mmol/l; median serum-PTH was 23.3 (15.59; 45.38) pmol/l, alkaline phosphatase 117.5 (89; 145.5) U/l and 25-hydroxyvitamin-D 42.9 (33.26; 62.92) nmol/l. Sestamibi scan (n:106 patients) identified an adenoma in 83.02%. Parathyroidectomy was performed on 84 patients with a cure rate of 95.2%. Reasons for conservative management (n:26) included: no current surgical indication (n:7), refusal (n:5) or deferral of surgery (n:5), loss to follow-up (n:5) and assessed as high anaesthetic risk (n:4). IO-PTH measurements performed on 28 patients indicated surgical success in 100%, based on Miami criteria. Histology confirmed adenoma in 88.1%, hyperplasia in 7.1% and carcinoma in 4.8%. Post-operative hypocalcaemia developed in 30 patients (35.7%), of whom, 14 developed hungry bone syndrome (HBS). In multivariate analysis, significant risk factors associated with HBS included male sex (OR 7.01; 95% CI 1.28, 38.39; p 0.025) and elevated pre-operative PTH (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00, 1.02; p 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of asymptomatic PHPT has increased at this centre over the past decade but symptomatic disease remains the dominant presentation. Parathyroidectomy is curative in the majority of patients. IO-PTH monitoring is valuable in ensuring successful surgery.

Octamer-binding transcription factor 4-positive circulating tumor cell predicts worse treatment response and survival in advanced cholangiocarcinoma patients who receive immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment.

BACKGROUND: Octamer-binding transcription factor 4-positive circulating tumor cell (OCT4+CTC) exhibits high stemness and invasive potential, which may influence the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). This study aimed to assess the prognostic role of OCT4+CTC in advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients who received ICI treatment. METHODS: In total, 40 advanced CCA patients who received ICI treatment were included, and CTC and OCT4 counts were detected via a Canpatrol system and an RNA in situ hybridization method before ICI treatment. Patients were subsequently divided into none CTC, OCT4-CTC, and OCT4+CTC groups. Patients were followed up for a median of 10.4 months. RESULTS: The percentages of patients in none CTC, OCT4-CTC, and OCT4+CTC groups were 25.0%, 30.0%, and 45.0%, respectively. The proportion of patients with lymph node metastasis was highest in OCT4+CTC group, followed by none CTC group, and lowest in OCT4-CTC group (P = 0.025). The objective response rate (ORR) was lowest in OCT4+CTC group, moderate in OCT4-CTC group, and highest in none CTC group (P = 0.009), while disease control rate was not different among three groups (P = 0.293). In addition, progression-free survival (PFS) (P < 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.001) were shorter in the OCT4+CTC group than in none CTC & OCT4-CTC group. Moreover, OCT4+CTC (versus none CTC) was independently linked with poorer PFS [hazard ratio (HR) = 6.752, P = 0.001] and OS (HR = 6.674, P = 0.003) in advanced CCA patients. CONCLUSION: OCT4+CTC relates to lymph node metastasis and shows a good predictive value for poor treatment response and survival in advanced CCA patients who receive ICI treatment.

Prospective study to evaluate radioactive iodine of 20 mCi vs 10-15 mCi in Graves' disease.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether increasing radioactive iodine dose can increase treatment efficacy in Graves' disease. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted, including 106 patients receiving 20 mCi (740 MBq) radioactive iodine (RAI), compared with a retrospective data, including 113 patients receiving 10-15 mCi (370-555 MBq) RAI. Remission and failure rates were evaluated at 6 months post-RAI. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: Patients receiving 20 mCi RAI demonstrated a significantly higher remission rate compared to the 10-15 mCi group (82.1% vs 66.4%, p = 0.009). Median time to remission was shorter in the 20 mCI group (3 vs 4 months, p = 0.002). Hypothyroidism at 6 months was more prevalent in the 20 mCi group (67% vs 53%, p = 0.03). Larger thyroid size (> 60 g) was associated with treatment failure (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Higher dosage (20 mCi) RAI showed superior efficacy in achieving remission compared to lower dosages (10-15 mCi) in Graves' disease treatment.

Impact of resection margin on outcome in soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities treated with limb-sparing surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The standard curative treatments for extremity soft tissue sarcoma (ESTS) include surgical resection with negative margins and perioperative radiotherapy. However, the optimal resection margin remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes in ESTS between microscopically positive margin (R1) and microscopically negative margin (R0) according to the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) (R + 1 mm) classification. METHODS: Medical records of patients with localized ESTS who underwent primary limb-sparing surgery and postoperative radiotherapy between 2004 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were followed for at least 5 years or till local or distant recurrence was diagnosed during follow-up. Outcomes were local and distal recurrences and survival. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients were included in this study, in which 17 underwent R0 resection and 35 underwent R1 resection. No significant differences were observed in rates of local recurrence (11.4% vs. 35.3%, p = 0.062) or distant recurrence (40.0% vs. 41.18%, p = 0.935) between R0 and R1 groups. Multivariate analysis showed that distant recurrences was associated with a Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) grade (Grade III vs. I, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 12.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.67-58.88, p = 0.001) and tumor location (lower vs. upper extremity, aHR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.07-0.7, p = 0.01). Kaplan-Meier plots showed no significant differences in local (p = 0.444) or distant recurrent-free survival (p = 0.161) between R0 and R1 groups. CONCLUSIONS: R1 margins, when complemented by radiotherapy, did not significantly alter outcomes of ESTS as R0 margins. Further studies with more histopathological types and larger cohorts are necessary to highlight the path forward.

Clinical outcomes and challenges of surgical extirpation for carotid body paraganglioma in South Korea: a single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Carotid body paraganglioma (CBP) is a rare, highly vascularized, and slow-growing neuroendocrine tumor. Surgical resection is the definitive treatment for CBP, however, it remains challenging due to the tumor's proximity to critical blood vessels and cervical cranial nerves. This study aimed to document the characteristics of CBP and examine the clinical outcomes of patients following surgical extirpation of CBP. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective review analyzed patients who underwent CBP extirpation. We examined the patient demographics, preoperative clinical features, tumor characteristics, levels of catecholamines and their metabolites in the serum and urine. Surgeries were performed by one vascular surgeon with follow-ups at 1,3,6 months and yearly thereafter. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of either permanent or temporary cervival cranial nerve palsy (CNP). RESULTS: From September 2020 to February 2023, this study examined 21 cases of CBP removal surgeries that were carried out in 19 patients. The mean age of the patients was 38.9 ± 10.9 years and the percentage of males was 57.1% (n = 12). The most common preoperative clinical feature was painless neck mass (n = 12; 57.1%). Complete resection was achieved in 20 cases; excluding one case with pathologically proven sclerosing paraganglioma. Vascular procedures were performed in four cases (ECA resection, n = 2; primary repair of ICA tear without carotid shunting, n = 1; and ICA patch angioplasty with carotid shunting, n = 1). Temporary cranial neurologic complications, specifically aspiration and hoarseness occurred in four (19.0%), and three (14.3%) cases, respectively. Hoarseness associated with permanent CNP persisted for more than 6 months in two cases (9.5%). No recurrence or mortality was observed during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection is the primay treatment approach for CBP; however, it poses risks of vascular or cervical CNP. The intraoperative estimated blood loss was the only identified risk factor for CNP.

Does the coronoid fracture in terrible triad injury always need to be fixed?

BACKGROUND: The ideal treatment of terrble triad injuries and whether fixation of coronoid process fractures is needed or not are still debated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate if terrible triad injuries necessitate coronoid fracture fixation and evaluate if non-fixation treatments have similar efficacies and outcomes as fixation-treatments in cases of terrible triad injuries. METHODS: From August 2011 to July 2020, 23 patients with acute terrible triad injuries without involvement of the anteromedial facet of the coronoid process were included to evaluate the postoperative clinical and radiological outcomes (minimum follow-up of 20 months). According to the preoperative height loss evaluation of the coronoid process and an intraoperative elbow stability test, seven patients underwent coronoid fracture fixation, and the other eight patients were treated conservatively. The elbow range of motion (ROM), Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), and modified Broberg-Morrey score were evaluated at the last follow-up. In addition, plain radiographs were reviewed to evaluate joint congruency, fracture union, heterotopic ossification, and the development of arthritic changes. RESULTS: At the last follow-up, the mean arcs of flexion-extension and supination-pronation values were 118.2° and 146.8° in the fixation group and 122.5° and 151.3° in the non-fixation group, respectively. The mean MEPSs were 96.4 in the fixation group (excellent, nine cases; good, tow cases) and 96.7 in the non-fixation group (excellent, ten cases; good, two cases). The mean modified Broberg-Morrey scores were 94.0 in the fixation group (excellent, sevev cases; good, four cases) and 94.0 in the non-fixation group (excellent, ten cases; good, tow cases). No statistically significant differences in clinical scores and ROM were identified between the two groups. However, the non-fixation group showed a significantly lower height loss of the coronoid process than the fixation group (36.3% versus 54.5%). CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between the fixation and non-fixation groups in terrible triad injuries.

Limited resection is comparable to lobectomy for tumor size ≤ 2 cm pulmonary invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) has a rare incidence with better prognosis than nonmucinous adenocarcinoma. We aimed to investigate the prognosis between limited resection and lobectomy for patients with clinical stage IA IMA ≤ 2 cm. METHODS: Data were taken from two cohorts: In Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital (SPH) corhort, we identified 403 patients with clinical stage IA IMA who underwent surgery. In the SEER corhort, 480 patients with stage T1 IMA who after surgery were included. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) for SPH corhort, lung cancer-specific survival (LCSS) for the SEER corhort and overall survival (OS) for both corhort were compared between patients undergoing lobectomy and limited resection by Log-rank and Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS: In SPH corhort, patients who underwent limited resection had equivalent prognosis than those underwent lobectomy (5-year RFS: 79.3% versus. 82.6%, p = 0.116; 5-year OS: 86.2% versus. 88.3%, p = 0.235). However, patients with IMA > 2 to 3 cm had worse prognosis than those with IMA ≤ 2 cm (5-year RFS: 73.7% versus. 86.1%, p = 0.007). In the analysis of IMA > 2 to 3 cm subgroup, multivariate analysis showed that limited resection was an independent risk factor of RFS (hazard ratio, 2.417; 95% confidence interval, 1.157-5.049; p = 0.019), while OS (p = 0.122) was not significantly different between two groups. For IMA ≤ 2 cm, limited resection was not a risk factor of RFS (p = 0. 953) and OS (p = 0.552). In the SEER corhort, IMA ≤ 2 cm subgroup, limited resection was equivalent prognosis in LCSS (p = 0.703) and OS (p = 0.830). CONCLUSIONS: Limited resection could be a potential surgical option which comparable to lobectomy in patients with clinical stage IA IMA ≤ 2 cm.

Development and validation of machine learning models and nomograms for predicting the surgical difficulty of laparoscopic resection in rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to develop and validate a machine learning (ML) prediction model for the assessment of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LaTME) surgery difficulty, as well as to identify independent risk factors that influence surgical difficulty. Establishing a nomogram aims to assist clinical practitioners in formulating more effective surgical plans before the procedure. METHODS: This study included 186 patients with rectal cancer who underwent LaTME from January 2018 to December 2020. They were divided into a training cohort (n = 131) versus a validation cohort (n = 55). The difficulty of LaTME was defined based on Escal's et al. scoring criteria with modifications. We utilized Lasso regression to screen the preoperative clinical characteristic variables and intraoperative information most relevant to surgical difficulty for the development and validation of four ML models: logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT). The performance of the model was assessed based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Logistic regression-based column-line plots were created to visualize the predictive model. Consistency statistics (C-statistic) and calibration curves were used to discriminate and calibrate the nomogram, respectively. RESULTS: In the validation cohort, all four ML models demonstrate good performance: SVM AUC = 0.987, RF AUC = 0.953, LR AUC = 0.950, and DT AUC = 0.904. To enhance visual evaluation, a logistic regression-based nomogram has been established. Predictive factors included in the nomogram are body mass index (BMI), distance between the tumor to the dentate line ≤ 10 cm, radiodensity of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), area of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), tumor diameter >3 cm, and comorbid hypertension. CONCLUSION: In this study, four ML models based on intraoperative and preoperative risk factors and a nomogram based on logistic regression may be of help to surgeons in evaluating the surgical difficulty before operation and adopting appropriate responses and surgical protocols.

Gamma-glutamyl transferase and the risk of all-cause and disease-specific mortality in patients with diabetes: A nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: There exists a paucity of data regarding whether gamma-glutamyl transferase is associated with disease-specific mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate the association of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase levels with all-cause and disease-specific mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus using a Korean nationwide health-screening database. METHODS: A total of 9 687 066 patients without viral hepatitis or liver cirrhosis who underwent health examination in 2009 were included. These patients were divided into four groups according to sex-specific quartiles of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 8.1 years, 222 242 deaths were identified. The all-cause mortality rate increased as the serum gamma-glutamyl transferase levels became higher (highest quartile vs lowest quartile: hazard ratio [HR], 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55-1.59; p for trend <.001). Similar trends were observed for cardiovascular disease (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.53-1.62), ischemic heart disease (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.33-1.48), and stroke (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.60-1.85) in the highest quartile, as compared with the lowest quartile (p for trend <.001). As the gamma-glutamyl transferase quartiles became higher, mortality rates related to cancer (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.52-1.60), liver disease (HR, 9.42; 95% CI, 8.81-10.07), respiratory disease (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.49-1.62), and infectious disease (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.59-1.87) also increased in the highest quartile, compared with the lowest quartile (p for trend <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase levels may be useful for the risk assessment of all-cause and disease-specific mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The maintenance of long-term weight loss after semaglutide withdrawal in obese women with PCOS treated with metformin: a 2-year observational study.

Background: Withdrawal of semaglutide is frequently followed by weight regain due to compensatory biological changes that prevent the maintenance of long-term weight loss. There are some studies implying that metformin might attenuate weight regain. The weight trajectory after discontinuation of short-term semaglutide treatment in obese women with PCOS who continued metformin treatment has not yet been evaluated. Aims: We explored changes in body weight, cardiometabolic and endocrine parameters in obese women with PCOS who continued treatment with metformin 2 years after discontinuation of short-term intervention with semaglutide. Methods: 25 women with PCOS and obesity, aged 33.7 ± 5.3 years (mean ± SD), were treated with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 1.0 mg as an adjunct to metformin 2000 mg/day and lifestyle intervention for 16 weeks. At week 16, semaglutide was discontinued. Treatment with metformin 2000 mg/day and promotion of lifestyle intervention were continued during the 2-year follow-up period. Weight change, cardiometabolic, and endocrine parameters were assessed 2 years after semaglutide discontinuation. Results: During semaglutide treatment phase, weight decreased from 101 (90-106.8) kg to 92 (83.3-100.8) kg. Two years after semaglutide withdrawal, weight was 95 (77-104) kg. The net weight loss 2 years after discontinuation of semaglutide remained significant when compared to baseline (p=0.003). At the end of the study, 21 out of 25 subjects had lower body weight compared to baseline. Improvements in cardiometabolic parameters including decrease in total and LDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, and glucose after OGTT that had been seen during semaglutide-treatment phase reverted towards baseline two years after semaglutide cessation. Free testosterone levels significantly decreased during semaglutide treatment from 6.16 (4.07-9.71) to 4.12 (2.98-6.93) nmol/l, (p= 0.012) and did not significantly deteriorate after semaglutide discontinuation. Conclusion: Two years after semaglutide withdrawal, women with PCOS who continued with metformin regained about one-third of the semaglutide-induced weight loss. At the end of the follow up, 84% of women had a lower body weight than at baseline.

The Effect of Melatonin on Increasing the Health Related Quality of Life in Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients: Three-Year Follow up a Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Although breast cancer is common worldwide, if diagnosed early and treated on time, the probability of recovery is high and patients often experience a long life. Reducing the quality of life is a common side effect in patients. Melatonin may have an important role in fatigue, sleep disorders and, as a result, the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in people. About 184 patients with breast cancer were enrolled in 2 groups: intervention with daily melatonin intake of 18 mg for 3 years (93 patients) and the control group with placebo intake (91 patients). Health-related quality of life and the effect of melatonin on increasing that were evaluated with the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire, third edition at the beginning, 2 months later and 3 years after the beginning of the study. RESULTS: The general score of the HRQoL was significantly different both in the passage of time and in the comparative study of the 2 groups, and it was better in the melatonin group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Long-term use of 18 mg of melatonin for 3 years in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer can lead to an increase in the patients' quality of life.